* Astronomy

Mohammad Ibn Mohammad Ibn Al Hassan Al Tusi, or Nasir Al Deen Al Tusi, stood out among Persian scholars. While true philosophical activities almost ceased after Ibn Rushd, at the end of the 12th century, a renewal occurred in Persia through the intellectual efforts and political involvement of Al Tusi (known throughout the Muslim world as Khawajah Nasir), a polymath who became the father of trigonometry and who defended such scholars as Ibn Sina and Al Farabi even as they were scorned by misguided theologians.
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