Title: On the correlation between metallicity and the presence of giant planets Authors: M. Haywood
The correlation between stellar metallicity and the presence of giant planets is well established. It has been tentatively explained by the possible increase of planet formation probability in stellar disks with enhanced amount of metals. However, there are two caveats to this explanation. First, giant stars with planets do not show a metallicity distribution skewed towards metal-rich objects, as found for dwarfs. Second, the correlation with metallicity is not valid at intermediate metallicities, for which it can be shown that giant planets are preferentially found orbiting thick disk stars. None of these two peculiarities is explained by the proposed scenarios of giant planet formation. We contend that they are galactic in nature, and probably not linked to the formation process of giant planets. It is suggested that the same dynamical effect, namely the migration of stars in the galactic disk, is at the origin of both features, with the important consequence that most metal-rich stars hosting giant planets originate from the inner disk, a property that has been largely neglected until now. We illustrate that a planet-metallicity correlation similar to the observed one is easily obtained if stars from the inner disk have a higher percentage of giant planets than stars born at the solar radius, with no specific dependence on metallicity. We propose that the density of molecular hydrogen in the inner galactic disk (the molecular ring) could play a role in setting the high percentage of giant planets that originate from this region.
Depuis la découverte à l'Observatoire de Haute Provence d'une planète en orbite autour de l'étoile 51 Peg en 1995, près de 300 systèmes planétaires ont été découverts. La seule caractéristique qui semble singulariser les étoiles hôtes de ces systèmes est leur métallicité (l'abondance d'éléments plus lourds que l'hélium dans l'atmosphère de l'étoile). Ces étoiles (majoritairement des 'naines', c'est à dire des étoiles dans la phase de séquence principale) sont, en moyenne bien plus 'métalliques' que la plupart des étoiles de champ. Jusqu'à présent, cette particularité a été expliquée en supposant que la formation de planètes géantes, ou "Jupiters", devait être favorisée dans les disques circumstellaires plus riches en métaux. Une nouvelle interprétation suggère que le pourcentage d'étoiles présentant des exoplanètes géantes, ou "taux de Jupiters", pourrait dépendre de la densité de gaz H2 dans le disque galactique, décroissante depuis l'intérieur du disque vers sa périphérie. La corrélation observée résulterait alors de la présence au voisinage solaire d'étoiles en provenance des régions internes du disque galactique.
Title: Dynamos of giant planets Authors: F. H. Busse, R. D. Simitev
Possibilities and difficulties of applying the theory of magnetic field generation by convection flows in rotating spherical fluid shells to the Giant Planets are outlined. Recent progress in the understanding of the distribution of electrical conductivity in the Giant Planets suggests that the dynamo process occurs predominantly in regions of semiconductivity. In contrast to the geodynamo the magnetic field generation in the Giant Planets is thus characterised by strong radial conductivity variations. The importance of the constraint on the Ohmic dissipation provided by the planetary luminosity is emphasized. Planetary dynamos are likely to be of an oscillatory type, although these oscillations may not be evident from the exterior of the planets.
Turbulence generated by thunderstorms can drive the multiple east-west jet streams on the giant planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune and explain a long-standing conundrum concerning the puzzling differences between the innermost two planets, Jupiter and Saturn, and the outermost two, Uranus and Neptune. Scientists have been trying to understand the mechanisms that form the jet streams and control their structure since the first high-resolution images of the giant planets were returned by the Pioneer and Voyager spacecrafts in the 1970s and 1980s. The jet streams are narrow rivers of air that flow east-west. On Earth, they are major component of the planet's global circulation and control much of the large-scale weather experienced by the United States and other countries outside of the tropics.