* Astronomy

Blobrana · L

RE: Type Iax Supernovae

Blobrana · L

Title: Double-detonation explosions as progenitors of type Iax supernovae
Authors: Bo Wang, Stephen Justham, Zhanwen Han

It has recently been proposed that one sub-class of type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) is sufficiently both distinct and common to be classified separately from the bulk of SNe Ia, with a suggested class name of "type Iax supernovae" (SNe Iax), after SN 2002cx. We show that the population properties of this class can be understood if the events originate from helium double-detonation sub-Chandrasekhar mass explosions, in which a carbon--oxygen white dwarf (CO WD) accumulates a helium layer from a non-degenerate helium star. We have incorporated detailed binary evolution calculations for the progenitor systems into a binary population synthesis model to obtain birthrates and delay times for such events. The predicted Galactic event rate is ~0.6-1.8 x 10^{-3} yr^{-1}, in good agreement with the measured rates of SNe Iax. In addition, predicted delay times are ~70 Myr- 710 Myr, consistent with the fact that SNe Iax have so far only been discovered in late-type galaxies. Based on the CO WD mass at explosion and previous detonation models, we also estimate the distribution of resulting SN brightness (-13 \gtrsim M_bol \gtrsim -19 mag), which can reproduce the empirical diversity of SNe Iax. We speculate on why binaries with non-degenerate donor stars might lead to SNe Iax if similar systems with degenerate donors do not and suggest that the higher mass of the helium layer necessary for ignition at the lower accretion rates typically delivered from non-degenerate donors might provide the explanation.

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Blobrana · L

Title: Type Iax Supernovae: A New Class of Stellar Explosion
Authors: Ryan J. Foley, P. J. Challis, R. Chornock, M. Ganeshalingam, W. Li, G. H. Marion, N. I. Morrell, G. Pignata, M. D. Stritzinger, J. M. Silverman, X. Wang, J. P. Anderson, A. V. Filippenko, W. L. Freedman, M. Hamuy, S. W. Jha, R. P. Kirshner, C. McCully, S. E. Persson, M. M. Phillips, D. E. Reichart, A. M. Soderberg

We describe observed properties of the Type Iax class of supernovae (SNe Iax), consisting of SNe observationally similar to its prototypical member, SN 2002cx. The class currently has 25 members, and we present optical photometry and/or optical spectroscopy for most of them. SNe Iax are spectroscopically similar to SNe Ia, but have lower maximum-light velocities (2000 < |v| < 8000 km/s), typically lower peak magnitudes (-14.2 > M_V,peak > -18.9 mag), and most have hot photospheres. Relative to SNe Ia, SNe Iax have low luminosities for their light-curve shape. There is a correlation between luminosity and light-curve shape, similar to that of SNe Ia, but offset from that of SNe Ia and with larger scatter. Despite a host-galaxy morphology distribution that is highly skewed to late-type galaxies without any SNe Iax discovered in elliptical galaxies, there are several indications that the progenitor stars are white dwarfs (WDs): evidence of C/O burning in their maximum-light spectra, low ejecta masses, strong Fe lines in their late-time spectra, a lack of X-ray detections, and deep limits on massive stars and star formation at the SN sites. However, two SNe Iax show strong He lines in their spectra. The progenitor system and explosion model that best fits all of the data is a binary system of a C/O WD that accretes matter from a He star and has a significant deflagration. At least some of the time, this explosion will not disrupt the WD. We estimate that in a given volume there are 31^+17_-13 SNe Iax for every 100 SNe Ia, and for every 1 solar masses of iron generated by SNe Ia at z = 0, SNe Iax generate 0.052^+0.017_-0.014 solar masses. Being the largest class of peculiar SNe, thousands of SNe Iax will be discovered by LSST. Future detailed observations of SNe Iax should further our understanding of both their progenitor systems and explosions as well as those of SNe Ia.

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