* Astronomy

Title: The Black Hole Evolution and Space Time (BEST) Observatory
Authors: Henric Krawczynski (Washington Univ. in St. Louis), Jack Tueller (GSFC), Scott Barthelmy (GSFC), Jeremy Schnittman (GSFC), William Zhang (GSFC), Julian Krolik (Johns Hopkins Univ.), Matthew G. Baring (Rice Univ.), Ezequiel Treister (Univ. of Hawaii), Richard Mushotzky (Univ. of Maryland), Matthias Beilicke (Washington Univ. in St. Louis), James Buckley (Washington Univ. in St. Louis), Ram Cowsik (Washington Univ. in St. Louis), Martin Israel (Washington Univ. in St. Louis)

In this white paper, we discuss the concept of a next-generation X-ray mission called BEST (Black hole Evolution and Space Time). The mission concept uses a 3000 square centimetre effective area mirror (at 6 keV) to achieve unprecedented sensitivities for hard X-ray imaging spectrometry (5-70 keV) and for broadband X-ray polarimetry (2-70 keV). BEST can make substantial contributions to our understanding of the inner workings of accreting black holes, our knowledge about the fabric of extremely curved spacetime, and the evolution of supermassive black holes. BEST will allow for time resolved studies of accretion disks. With a more than seven times larger mirror area and a seven times wider bandpass than GEMS, BEST will take X-ray polarimetry to a new level: it will probe the time variability of the X-ray polarisation from stellar mass and supermassive black holes, and it will measure the polarization properties in 30 independent energy bins. These capabilities will allow BEST to conduct tests of accretion disk models and the underlying spacetimes. With three times larger mirror area and ten times better angular resolution than NuSTAR, BEST will be able to make deep field observations with a more than 15 times better sensitivity than NuSTAR. The mission will be able to trace the evolution of obscured and unobscured black holes in the redshift range from zero to six, covering the most important epoch of supermassive black hole growth. The hard X-ray sensitivity of BEST will enable a deep census of non-thermal particle populations. BEST will give us insights into AGN feedback by measuring the particle luminosity injected by AGNs into the interstellar medium (ISM) of their hosts, and will map the emission from particles accelerated at large scale structure shocks. Finally, BEST has the potential to constrain the equation of state of neutron stars (NS).

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