* Astronomy

In 1857, Edouard-Léon Scott de Martinville invented the phonautograph, the first device for making sound waves viewable. It used a membrane (which vibrated in response to sound) attached to a pen, which traced a line roughly corresponding to the sound's waveform onto a roll of paper. 
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Recording from 1860. Sound restoration.

The Phonautograph Recording from 1860 of 'Au Clair de la Lune' 
Sound restoration. The first known recording of a human voice, from April 9th, 1860.